FIRST CAT ONE

 

PST 05210 BASIC PHARMACOGNOSY

SPECIAL EXAMINATION  TEST THREE

 NTA LEVEL 5

TIME: 2:00 HOURS                                                   CANDIDATE NO …………………….

                                                                                    DATE ..................................

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

1.       Read all instructions carefully

2.       Write an examination number on every page of question paper and answer sheets

3.       Attempt all questions

4.       Cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room

5.       This paper consists of five sections

6.       The table below is for OFFICIAL USE ONLY

 

SECTION	TYPE OF QUESTIONS	MARKS ALLOCATION	SCORED MARKS	INITIAL SIGNATURE OF EXAMINATION MARKER	INITIAL SIGNATURE   OF  EXAMINATION VERIFIER
A	MULTIPLE CHOICE	10
B	MULTIPLE TRUE FALSE	10
C	MATCHING	10
D	SHORT ANSWER	40
E	GUIDED ESSAY	30
TOTAL		100

 

 

SECTION A - MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS   10 MARKS

Instructions

·         This section consists of TEN (10) questions

·         Encircle the letter of the most correct answer

·         There is only one correct answer

·         One (1) mark will be awarded for each correct answer

 

1.      Which of the following alkaloids is used as a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase thus enhancing the effect of endogenous Acetylcholine

a.      Vinblastine

b.      Tropane

c.       Ergometrine

d.      Calabar beans

e.      Pilocarpus

 

2.        Brucine is the toxic compound found in Nux vomica which is used commercially for........

a.      Stimulate peristalsis in chronic constipation

b.      Improves the pulse and raise the blood pressure

c.       Bitter stomachich and tonic

d.      Alcohol denaturant

e.      Sedative

 

3.      Rhein  is the  constituent of which of the following medicinal plant?...........

a.       Ergot

b.      Rhubarb

c.       Aloe

d.      Rauwolfia

e.      Vinca

 

4.      Lauric acid is the chief constituents of .....

a)      Olive oil

b)      Castor oil

c)      Coconut oil

d)      Cod liver oil

e)      Peanut oil

 

5.      Which alkaloids test positive for Vitali-Morin test?

a.      Ergot

b.      Vinclistine

c.       Pilocarpine

d.      Isopilosine

e.      Hyoscine

6.      castor oil is obtained from .........

a.       Gadus morrhua

b.        Arachis hypogaea

c.        Ricinus communis

d.      Catharanthus roseus

e.      Claviceps purpurea

 

7.       Which of the following is an alkaloid with a purine skeleton?

a.      Hygrine

b.      Ephedrine

c.       Strychnine 

d.      Theobromine

e.      Solanidine

 

8.      Nutrients for the embryo are supplied by;........

a.       Epidermis

b.       Endoderm

c.       Testa

d.       Endocarp

e.       Endosperm

 

9.      Regarding definition of  Cottonseed Oil.........

a.       is a fixed oil expressed from seeds of Gossypium hirustum family Malvaceae

b.       is a fixed oil obtained by expression or extraction from the seeds of Cocos nucifera (Palmae)

c.       is a fixed oil obtained from the dried, ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed), family Linaceae

d.         is a fixed oil obtained by expression from kernels of Prunus amygdalus, family Rosaceae Var dulcis

e.        is an oil that has a strong peppermint odour and produces a cooling sensation in the mouth obtained by distillation

10.  Example of plants that requires open air drying are;

a.      Cascara and clove

b.      Clove and cinnamon

c.        Ginger and clove

d.      Cascara and colocunth

e.      Cinnamon and rhubarb

 

SECTION B: MULTIPLE TRUE FALSE QUESTIONS      10 MARKS

Instructions:

·         This section consists of four (4) questions with five (5) option each

·         Write the word TRUE and NOT letter ‘T’ for a correct statement and FALSE, NOT letter ‘ F ‘ for incorrect statement in the space provided for each option

·         All responses should be in CAPITAL letters

·         Half (¹/₂) will be awarded for each correct response

·         Responses with letters ‘T’ and ‘F’ will not be awarded any mark

·         There will be a penalty of half (¹/₂) of the allocated marks for response in small letters

 

1.       Regarding constituents of Calabar Beans.............

A.      TRUE . Geneserine

B.      TRUE . Physostigmine

C.      FALSE . Strychnine

D.      FALSE. α-colubrine

E.       FALSE . Reserpine

2.       Mineral origin of the drug ..............

A.      TRUE . kaolin

B.      TRUE . prepared charcoal

C.      TRUE . Bentonite

D.     TRUE. Talic

E.       TRUE. Asbetos

3.       Regarding  .......Caffeine

A.      FALSE. At low doses caffeine induces nervousness

B.      FALSE . facilitates thought formation and increase the sensation of fatigue

C.      FALSE . facilitate anxiety

D.      TRUE .  facilitates thought formation and decreases the sensation of fatigue

E.       TRUE  Caffeine enhances alertness

 

4.       Consider Pharmacological Actions and Uses of Alkaloids..............

A.     TRUE . CNS stimulants e.g. strychnine

B.      TRUE . Anticancer activity e.g. taxol

C.      TRUE . Mydriatics e.g. atropine

D.     TRUE . Expectorant effect e.g. lobeline

E.      TRUE . Antiparasitic action e.g.emetine

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION C: MATCHING ITEM QUESTIONS                                     10 MARKS

Instructions:

·         This section consists of two (2) questions of matching with five (5) options each

·         Match the items in column B with those in column A by writing the letter of the correct response in the space provided on each option. USE CAPITAL LETTERS

·         Each correct response is awarded one (1) mark

·         Each item from column B is used only once

1.  Match the terms in column A to corresponding meaning column B          5 MARKS

COLUMN A	COLUMNN B
1 D  Liquorice	A. rhizome
2 G   Clove	B. bulb
3 A  Ginger	C. Bark
4 C Rhubarb	D. root
5 B Squill	E. seed
	F. stolon
	G. flower

 

 

2.  Match the terms in column A to corresponding meaning column B                      5 MARKS

COLUMN A	COLUMN B
1  G  Gentian	A. requires (1000-2000 M),
2 D Thyme and Peppermint	B. require elevation
3 E    Coconut	C. grown in the subtropics produce a higher unsaturated fat content
4 C     Peanut & olive	D. produce less constituents when grown in higher altitude
5 B  Tragacanth	E. needs a maritime climate
	F. lowland plant
	G. produce bitter constituents when grown in higher altitude

 

 

SECTION D: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS      40 MARKS

Instructions

·         This section consists of eight (8) questions

·         Write your answer in the space provided for each question

·         Write in a readable handwritting. DIRTY WORK IS NOT ALLOWED

 

1.        A. Define Quinoline

Quinoline consist of alkaloids and alkaloid salts obtained from the bark of Cinchona species

B.  List four Quinoline alkaloids

quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine

C. What are the biological sources of Cinchona

§  Cinchona bark consist of dried bark of the stem or root of Cinchona succirubra, Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona officinalis and Cinchona calisaya

 

D. Mention two principal of quinoline alkaloids

§  quinine and quinidine

2.       a. Briefly explain Purine Alkaloids( with at least eight points)

·         Purine alkaloids are derivatives of Xanthines

·         They have amphoteric character

·         They exhibit peculiar solubility in warm water and in chlorinated solvents

·         These alkaloids include caffeine (seeds of coffee plants, kola plants, tea leaves and guarana seeds), theobromine (Theobroma cocao) and theophylline (tea leaves and cola nuts)

·         The stimulant action in beverages such as tea and coffee is due to the purine alkaloids

·         Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) stimulates CNS and has a weak diuretic action.

·         Theobromine (3,7-dimetylxanthine) produce opposite action to that of Caffeine

·         Theophylline (1,3-dimetylxanthine) relaxes involuntary muscles more effectively than caffeine or theobromine

b. Give definition of Cocoa and the two main constituents 

§  Cocoa consists of seeds of Theobroma cacao, family sterculiaceae

 

§  Main constituents are Theobromine and Theophyllline

 

 

3.       What are the natural sources and their constituents of the following Proto-alkaloids

Ephedra and Colchicum

4.       A. Briefly explain on Opium

a.       Opium (raw opium) is the latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, family papaveraceae

b.       It is dried partially by spontaneous evaporation and partly by artificial heat

c.       It is commercially known as Indian opium.

d.       According to the BP, opium is intended only as a starting point for the manufacture of galenicals, and should not be dispensed as such.

 

B.      Mention six main alkaloids produced by Opium

                                                                           i.      Morphine

                                                                         ii.      Codeine

                                                                       iii.      Thebaine

                                                                       iv.      Noscapine

                                                                         v.      Narceine

                                                                       vi.      Papaverine

 

 

5.       A. Give definition of Curare

a.       Curare refers to various South America arrow poisons extracts obtained from members of Menispermaceae (Stephania) and Loganiaceae (Chondrodendron tomentosum)

 

B. list three kinds of curare depending on their containers and chemical characteristics

§  Tube-curare

§  Packed in bamboo tubes (Brazil and Peru)

§  The alkaloid was then named “tubocurarine”

§  Calabash-curare

§  Packed in gourds (Guiana, Venezuela and Columbia)

§  Pot-curare

§  Packed in earthenware pots

 

C. mention two main constituents

§  Tubocurarine

§  Curarine

 

6.       Enlist five constituents of Ipecacuahna

a.       Emetine (60-75%)

b.       Cephaeline,

c.       Psychotrine

d.       Psychotrine methyl ether

e.       Ipecacuanhin

 

 

7.       With examples just give short explanation on why collection should be done at the right time when active constituents are at the highest levels;

a.       Time (season) of the year

                                                               i.      Rhubarb contains high levels of anthranols in winter and high levels of anthraquinones in summer. Anthranol are oxidized to anthraquinones in summer

b.       Time of the day

                                                               i.      Digitalis is collected in the afternoon contains more cardiac glycosides

                                                             ii.      Solanaceous leaves collected in the morning have more alkaloids

c.       Stage of maturity

                                                               i.      In Eugenia caryophyllus, buds contain high oil but mother “blown” cloves contain very little oil

                                                             ii.      Vanilla has highest levels of vanillin 8 months after flowers open

 

8.       Outline biological sources and constituents of Phenolic ether, Phenolic, Oxide and Ester Volatile Oils

 

·         Definition

o   Fennel oil is an oil obtained from dried ripened seeds of Foeniculum vulgare family Umbelliferae

·         Constituents

o   Anethole

o   Fenchone

·         Definition

o   Anise oil is an oil distilled from dried ripened fruit of Pimpenella anisum, family Umbelliferae

·         Constituents

o   Anethole

o   Safrole

o   Fixed oils

·         Definition

o   Clove oil is a colourless or pale yellow oil obtained by distillation from dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus (or Syzygium aromaticum), family Myrtaceae

o   The oil is sensitive to air

·         Constituents

o   Eugenol

o   Acetyleugenol

o   Gallotamic acid

o   Carvacrol

·         Definition

o   Eucalyptus oil is an oil obtained by distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globlus, family Myrtaceae

o   The oil is colourless or pale yellow with aromatic (camphoraceous) odour

·         Constituents

o   Eucalyptol

o   Cineol

o   Resins

o   Tannins

o   Eucalyptic acid

·         Definition

o   Lavender oil is an oil obtained by steam distillation from flowering tops of Lavandulla officinalis (Family Lamiaceae)

o   The oil is colourless or pale yellow in colour with light fresh aroma

·         Constituents

o   α-pinene

o   Limonene

o   Linalyl acetate

·         Definition

o   Rosemary oil is an oil obtained from flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis (family Lamiaceae)

·         Constituents

o   Rosmarinic acid

o   Camphor

o   Caffeic acid

o   Betulinic acid

o   Rosmaridiphenol

·         Definition

o   Dill oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from dried leaves and seeds of Anethum graveolens, family Apiaceae

o   The oil has a grass smell

·         Constituents

o   Carvone

o   Limonene

 

 

 SECTION E: GUIDED ESSSAY QUESTIONS                              30 MARKS

Instructions

·         This section consists of three (3) questions which are supposed to be answered in narrative way

·         Write your answer on the papers provided. Each question start on a new page.

·         Write a readable handwritting. DIRTY WORK IS NOT ALLOWED

 

1.      Explain general conditions and techniques when drying medicinal plants as follows

 

§  For Leaves/Herbs: 

§  Temperature should be between 40-50º C to maintain good colour

§  Leaves or herbs should normally be destalked first

§  They are best dried for short periods of time only to prevent shrivelling and discoloration

§  They may be bleached through the drying process

§  For Roots/Rhizomes:

§  They should be washed

§  They should be sliced

§  They should be dried between at temperatures between 30-65ºC

§  Too high temperature may prevent further drying in deeper parts of the drug

§  Thick organs may require long periods of drying (10days-3weeks) to avoid mould growth

§  For Flowers;

§  Flowers are normally destalked before drying

§  Flowers may also be bleached when dried 

§  Volatile oil-containing drugs;

§  Are air-dried at very low temperature to avoid volatilization of oil contents

§  They should be dried separately from other herbs

§  Fruits and Seeds;

§  They are normally partially dry before harvesting

§  They may be air-dried afterwards

§  Seeds are normally separated from the fruits before drying

§  Fruits are normally left whole

§  Some fruits (cardamom) rupture due to excessive heat.

 

2.      Explain Natural Sources, Constituents and Uses of Lanolin and Wool Fats, Lard

Definition

a.      Lanolin is a purified fat-like substance prepared from the wool of the sheep Ovis aries, family Bovidae

b.      Lanolin is also known as hydrous wool fat

c.       Wool fat is a pale yellow substance with a characteristic odor obtained after purification, bleaching and dehydration of lanolin

Constituents

d.      Both lanolin and wool fat are rich in cholesterol, isocholesterol and unsaturated monohydric alcohols

Uses

e.      Emollient base for creams and ointments

f.        Major component of most ointments

Definition

g.      Lard is a purified internal fat of the hog, Sus scrofa

h.      Prepared from the abdominal fat

i.        Obtained by treatment with hot water.

j.        Lard is soft, white fat with a non-rancid odor.

Constituents

k.       Lard contains 40% solid glycerides such as myristin and 60% of mixed liquid glycerides such as olein

Uses

l.        In preparation of ointments and perfumes 

 

3.      With example,explain the following method of extractions;

a.      Infusion

                                                              i.      Infusion: Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or boiling water. These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.

                                                             ii.      Types of Infusion:

1.      Fresh Infusion: e.g. Infusion of orange }

2.      Concentrated Infusion: e.g. concentrated infusion of Quassia

Decoction

b.      Decoction: In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is then cooled and strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble, heat stable constituents. e.g. Tea , Coffee

Digestion

c.       This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent efficiency of the menstruum is thereby increased. e.g. Extraction of Morphine

 

o   Maceration

§  Maceration: In this process solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with the whole of the solvent and allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days (3 - 7 days) with frequent agitation, until soluble matter is dissolved. The mixture is then strained (through sieves / nets), the marc pressed and the combined liquids clarified (cleaned by filtration) or by decantation, after standing.

·         Types of maceration

o   Simple maceration: for organized and unorganized Crude drug e.g. i) Tincture of Orange ii) Tincture of Lemon iii) Tincture of Squill

o   Double maceration: Concentrated infusion of orange

o   Triple maceration: The maceration process may be carried out with help of heat or stirring e.g. i) Concentrated infusion of Quassia ii) Concentrated infusion of Senna