NATURAL SOURCES,CONSTITUENTS AND REVIEW QUESTIONS

 

MEDICINAL PLANTS	DEFINITION/SOURCES	CONSTITUENTS
Stramonium	Stramonium is defined as dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura stramonium and its varieties, family Solanaceae Its synonyms are thornapple, jimson or Jamestown weed	Contain 0.2 – 0.45% alkaloids, the major alkaloids are; §  Hyoscyamine §  Hyoscine §  Small quantities of atropine
Belladonna	Consist of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Atropa belladonna, Family: Solanaceae   §  Its synonym is deadly night shade	§  Contains 0.3 – 0.6% of Tropane alkaloids, the chief of which is hyoscyamine §  Belladonin §  Small quantities of volatile bases e.g. pyridine and N-methylpyrroline are present
Hyocyamus	§  Hyoscyamus leaf consists of the dried leaves or dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger, family Solanaceae §  Common name: Henbane	Tropane alkaloids mainly: Hyoscyamine in small amount Hyoscine (main constituent) Allied Drugs are Hyoscyamus albus, Hyosycamus muticus, Hyoscyamus pusillus, Hyoscyamus aureus
Coca	§  Coca is derived from dried leaves of Erythroxylum coca (Bolivian or Huanuco) and E. truxillense (Peruvian or Truxillo), cultivated in Peru, Bolivia, Colombia and Indonesia, family Erythroxylaceae	Coca leaves contain about 0.7 to 1.5% of total alkaloids, of which cocaine, cinnamylcocaine and α-truxilline are the most important
Lobelia	o   Lobelia consists of the dried aerial parts of Lobelia inflate, family Lobeliaceae o   Common Names:  Lobelia, Indian Tobacco	§  Lobelia contains about 0.24 – 0.4% of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (BP 1988, not less than 0.25%), the most important of which is lobeline §  Other constituents are lobelidine, lobelanine and isolobelanine
Tobacco	o   Tobacco consists of dried leaves of Nicotiana tobacum, family Solanaceae	Nicotine Narcotine Anabasine
Pilocarpus	§  Pilocarpus consists of imidazole alkaloids obtained from leaves of closely related species of Pilocarpus jaborandi and other species of the genus Pilocarpus, family Rutaceae §  It is also known as Jaborandi	Pilocarpine Isopilocarpine Pilocarpidine Pilosine Pseudopilocarpine Isopilosine
Vinca Alkaloids	§  Vinca alkaloids are oncolytic indoline alkaloids obtained from dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus, family Apocynaceae	Leurocristine (vincristine) Vincaleukoblastine (vinblastine)
Ergot Alkaloids	§  Ergot is the dried sclerotium of a fungus Claviceps purpurea, arising in the ovary of the rye, Secale cereal, family Hypocreaceae	Water soluble: Ergometrine Ergonovine         Ergometrinine Water insoluble: Ergotamine Ergotaminine Ergotoxine Derivatives of lysergic acid Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Nux vomica	Nux vomica are dried, ripe seeds of Strychnous nux-vomica, family Loganiaceae	The Main indole alkaloids are; Strychnine Brucine Strychnine is more physiologically active than brucine Strychnine is present in the inner part of the endosperm while brucine is in the outer layers Other alkaloids are: α-colubrine, β-colubrine, vomicine, pseudostrychnine and isostrychnine The drug also contains 3% fixed oils, glycoside - loganin
Calabar Beans	§  Calabar beans are dried seeds of Physostigma venonosum, family Leguminosae	Physostigmine, Isophysostigmine, Physovenine Eserinmine Geneserine
Rauwolfia	§  Rauwolfia consist of dried rhizome and roots of Rauwolfia serpentine, family Apocynaceae §  The drug is commonly known as Indian snake root	Major alkaloids are: Reserpine Resinnamine Other Alkaloids include: Rauwolfine (Ajmaline) Ajamalicine Serpentine Serpentinine Yohimbine
Yohimbe Bark	§  Consists of dried bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe (family Rubiaceae)	Chief constituent is Yohimbine
Cinchona	§  Cinchona bark consist of dried bark of the stem or root of Cinchona succirubra, Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona officinalis and Cinchona calisaya §  Chinchona belongs to the family Rubiaceae	Contains quinoline alkaloids, the principal quinoline alkaloid are quinine and quinidine Other quinoline alkaloids are quinicine, cinchonicine, cinchotannic acid and anthraquinones
Cocoa	§  Cocoa consists of seeds of Theobroma cacao, family sterculiaceae	Main constituents are Theobromine and Theophyllline
Coffee	§  Coffee consists of seeds of coffea arabica and other species of coffee, family rubiaceae §	Caffeine, tannins, Nicotinic acid, fixed oils and chlorogenic acid Caffeine enhances alertness, facilitates thought formation and decreases the sensation of fatigue. At high doses caffeine induces nervousness, insomnia and tremors
Ephedra	§  is a protoalkaloid obtained from dried young stems of Ephedra gerardiana and Ephedra nebrodensis, family Ephedraceeae §  Its synonym is Ma-Huang	Ephedrine Nor-ephedrine Pseudoephidrine N-methylephedrine
Colchicum	§  Colchicum is the dried ripe seeds of Colchicum luteum and Colchicum autumnale. §  Family: Liliaceae	Colchicine (main constituent) Demecolcine
Opium	§  Opium (raw opium) is the latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum, family papaveraceae	There are 6 main alkaloids produced by opium; Morphine Codeine Thebaine Noscapine Narceine Papaverine
Curare	§  Curare refers to various South America arrow poisons extracts obtained from members of Menispermaceae (Stephania) and Loganiaceae (Chondrodendron tomentosum)	Tubocurarine Curarine
Ipecacuahnha	·         Ipecacuanha consists of dried rhizome and roots of Cephalis ipecacuanha (Brazilian ipec) or Cèphalis acuminata (Costa Rica ipecac), family Rubiaceae	Emetine (60-75%) Cephaeline, Psychotrine Psychotrine methyl ether Ipecacuanhin
Digitalis	Digitalis consists of dried leaves of Digitalis lanata or Digitalis purpurea (common name purple fox glove), family Scrophulariaceae	D. purpurea produces primary glycosides Purpurea glycoside A Purpurea glycoside B Glucogitaloxin On drying, enzyme degradation taken place with the loss of the terminal glucose to produce; Digitoxin from purpurea glycoside A Gitoxin from purpurea glycoside B Gitaloxin D. lanata produces Digoxin Lanatosides A, B and C During drying: acetyl terminal sugar can be lost Deacetylation produces primary glycosides as those produced by Digitalis purpurea Lanatoside A produces Purpurea glycoside A Lanatoside B produces Purpurea glycoside B Lanatoside C produces Deslanoside C/ Deacetyllanatoside
Squill	Squill consists of the dried sliced bulbs of Urgenea maritima, from which the membrenous outer scales have been removed (family Liliaceae) The common name for squill is “sea onion”	Squill contains the glycosides; Scillaren A Which is crystalline in form Scillaren B An amorphous mixture of glycosides The red squill contains Scillirosides in addition to the other glycosides
Strophanthus	Consist of the dried ripe seed of Strophanthus kombe/strophanthus hispidus, family apocynaceae	Mixture of glycosides K-strophanithin, erysimoside, K strophanthoside and cymarin Fixed oils, resins and mucilage are also present K-strophanthosides; Composed of the genin strophanthidin Coupled to a trissaccharide with cymarose, β-glucose and α-glucose Are short-acting cardiac glycosides
Senna	§  Senna consists of the dried leaflets of Casssia senna (Alexandrian senna) and Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly senna), family Fabaceae (Leguminosae)	The basic constituents of senna are the anthraquinone glycosides; Sennoside A Sennoside B Other constituents include; Aloe-emodin  Rhein
Cascara	§  Cascara consists of the dried bark of Rhamnus purshianus, family Rhamnaceae §  Requires long storage to destroy compounds called anthrones in the fresh bark, which cause vomiting	Cascaroside A Cascaroside B Cascaroside C Cascaroside D Tannins Volatile oils
Aloe	Aloes consists of a solid residue obtained by evaporating the liquid which drains from the transversely cut leaves of various species of aloe, family Liliaceae The species that yield aloe are: Aloe barbadensis Aloe ferox Aloe perryi Aloe vera	The most important constituents of Aloes are the two Aloins: Barbaloin Isobarbaloin Barbaloin is the major constituent of the plant Other constituents are resins and Aloe-emodin
Rhubarb	§  Rhubarb consists of the dried underground parts of Rheum palmatum or R. officinale, family Polygonaceae	Rhubarb contains free anthraquinone Rhein Emodin Aloe-emodine Emodin monomethylether
Lanolin and Wool Fats	§  Lanolin is a purified fat-like substance prepared from the wool of the sheep Ovis aries, family Bovidae §  Lanolin is also known as hydrous wool fat §  Wool fat is a pale yellow substance with a characteristic odor obtained after purification, bleaching and dehydration of lanolin	Both lanolin and wool fat are rich in cholesterol, isocholesterol and unsaturated monohydric alcohols
Lard	§  Lard is a purified internal fat of the hog, Sus scrofa, belonging to family Suidae §  Prepared from the abdominal fat §  Obtained by treatment with hot water. §  Lard is soft, white fat with a non-rancid odor.	Lard contains 40% solid glycerides such as myristin and 60% of mixed liquid glycerides such as olein
Carnauba Wax	Carnauba wax is a wax obtained from the leaves (cuticle) of Copernicia cerifera (Palmae)	The wax consists of alkyl esters of wax acids mainly myricyl cerotate
Bees Wax	§  Bees wax is the purified wax from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera (Apidae) §  Is secreted in cells of abdomen of worker bees §  It is solid varying in colour from yellow to greyish brown	80% of myricyl palmitate (myricin) 15% free cerotic acid an aromatic substance cerolein, hydrocarbons, lactones, cholesteryl esters and pollen pigments
Spermaceti	§  Spermaceti is a solid wax obtained from mixed oils derived from the head and blubber of the sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus and the bottle-nosed whale, Hyperoodon rostratus.	The wax is white translucent, crystalline masses consists of alkyl (cetyl) esters with cetyl palmitate, cetyl myristate, acetyl laurate and cetyl laurate
Peppermint Oil	Peppermint oil is an oil that has a strong peppermint odour and produces a cooling sensation in the mouth obtained by distillation from dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita L. (Fam. Labiatae)	Menthol Menthone Methyl acetate The official oil is required to contain 4.5 – 10% of esters calculated as methyl acetate, not less than 44% of free alcohols calculated as menthol and 15-32% of ketones calculated as menthone
Cardamom Oil	o   Cardamom oils is an oil obtained from dried ripened seeds of Elettaria cardamomum, family Zingiberaceae	Terpinol Terpinyl acetate Borneol Fixed oils
Coriander Oil	o   Coriander oil is an oil obtained from fresh leaves and dried seeds of Coriander sativum, family Umbeliferae	d-pinene fixed oil Calcium oxalate
Turpentine Oil	o   Turpentine oil is an oil obtained  by distilation from Pinus  palustris and other species of Pinus e.g. Pinus longifolia, family Pinaceae o   The oil is colourless with characteristic odour and highly flammable o   The oil is re-distilled with NaOH to form rectified oil of turpentine	o   a and b- Pinene o   Methylcarbachol o   Camphene
Spearmint Oil	o   Spearmint oil is an aromatic essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the dry/fresh leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata family labiate	Carvone Limonene Phellandrenes Esters Official oil should contain not less than 55% of carvone
Camphor Oil	o   Camphor is an oil obtained by distillation of wood of stem ad root of Cinnamomum camphora family lauraceae o   Brown and yellow camphor oil has high safrol levels and are toxic and carcinogenic	Main constituents include α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, phellandrene, limonene, geraniol, safrole, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, methyl cinnamate
Lemon Oil	o   Lemon oil is an oil obtained by expression from the fresh peel of the fruits of Citrus limon	o   Vitamin C o   Limonene o   Flavonoids o   Glycosides o   Citronellol o   Hisperidine
Orange Oil	o   Orange oil is an essential oil obtained by expression from the rind (peels) of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) family Rutaceae	o   Vitamin C o   α-pinene o   Sabinene o   Limonene o   Myrcene o   Linanool o   citronellal o   Neral o   Geranial o   Calcium oxalate
Cinnamon Oil	o   Cinnamon oil is an oil obtained from dried inner bark of the shoot of Cinnamomum loureirii, family Lauraceae o   The outer bark is scrapped off and inner bark removed with care from hard wood as quill	Cinnamic acid Cinnamaldehyde Caryophylline Resins Tannins Mucillages Calcium oxalate
Fennel Oil	o   Fennel oil is an oil obtained from dried ripened seeds of Foeniculum vulgare family Umbelliferae	Anethole Fenchone
Anise Oil	o   Anise oil is an oil distilled from dried ripened fruit of Pimpenella anisum, family Umbelliferae	Anethole Safrole Fixed oils
Clove Oil	o   Clove oil is a colourless or pale yellow oil obtained by distillation from dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus (or Syzygium aromaticum), family Myrtaceae o   The oil is sensitive to air	Eugenol Acetyleugenol Gallotamic acid Carvacrol
Eucalyptus Oil	o   Eucalyptus oil is an oil obtained by distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globlus, family Myrtaceae o   The oil is colourless or pale yellow with aromatic (camphoraceous) odour	Eucalyptol Cineol Resins Tannins Eucalyptic acid
Lavender Oil	o   Lavender oil is an oil obtained by steam distillation from flowering tops of Lavandulla officinalis (Family Lamiaceae) o   The oil is colourless or pale yellow in colour with light fresh aroma	α-pinene Limonene Linalyl acetate
Rosemary Oil	o   Rosemary oil is an oil obtained from flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis (family Lamiaceae)	Rosmarinic acid Camphor Caffeic acid Betulinic acid Rosmaridiphenol
Dill Oil	o   Dill oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from dried leaves and seeds of Anethum graveolens, family Apiaceae o   The oil has a grass smell	Carvone Limonene
Almond Oil	§  Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from kernels of Prunus amygdalus, family Rosaceae Var dulcis (sweet almond) or P. amygdalus Var amara (bitter almond) §  The oil is pale yellow liquid with a slight odour and bland, nutty taste	Oleic acid Linolenic acid Amygdalin (bitter almond)
Linseed Oil	§  Linseed oil (or flaxseed oil) is a fixed oil obtained from the dried, ripe seed of Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed), family Linaceae	Palmitic acid Stearic acid Alpha linoleic acid (ALA) Oleic acid
Coconut Oil	§  Coconut oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression or extraction from the seeds of Cocos nucifera (Palmae) §  The oil is pale yellow to colourless liquid which may have an odour of coconut	Lauric acid (chief constituent) Myristic acid Stearic acid Caproic acid Capric acid Caprylic acid Palmitic acid
Cottonseed Oil	§  Cotton seed oil is a fixed oil expressed from seeds of Gossypium hirustum family Malvaceae	Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid
Castor Oil	§  Castor oil is a monounsaturated fixed oil obtained from ripe seeds of Ricinus communis, family Euphorbiaceae §  Castor seeds are decorticated and the kernels separated from the testa and cold-expressed in hydraulic presses §  The oil is pale yellow or almost colorless, transparent	The seeds contain 45-55% fixed oil, 20% protein, ricin (toxic alkaloid), recinine and several enzymes e.g. lipase
Olive Oil	§  Olive oil is a fixed oil obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europoae family Oleaceae §  The oil is an evergreen tree and fruits are drupes, purple when ripe §  Oil is pale yellow/light greenish yellow, slight odor, taste is bland to faintly acrid	Linoleic acid Oleic acid Palmitic acid and Stearic acid
Cod-liver Oil	§  Cod-liver oil is a fixed oil from the fresh livers of cod fish, Gadus morrhua, family Gadidae §  The oil is a mixed triglyceride, mainly unsaturated C16-22 acids and decahexanoic acid	Omega 3 fatty acids Vitamin A  Vitamin D
Peanut Oil	§  Peanut oil or arachis oil is a fixed oil obtained from seeds of Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae) §  Seeds contain 40-50% oil	Oleic acid 60% Linoleic acid 24% Palmitic acid 9% Arachidonic acid

 

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.       List medicinal plants with their respective family:

a.       Solanaceae family (4)

b.       Rutacea family (3)

c.       Apocynaceae family (3)

d.       Leguminaseae family (3)

e.       Rubiaceae family (4)

f.        Umbeliferae family (3)

g.       Myrtaceae family (2)

h.       Liliaceae family (3)

2.       Write the active principal/constituents of the following medicinal plants;

Starmonium, Belladonna, Hyocymus, Lobelia, Rauwolfia,Colchicum,Digitalis,Aloe,Clove,coconut

3.       List family with their respective groups; example Tropane solanaceae family and Erythroxylaceae  

4.       Categorized medicinal plant into their group;example Indole and Imidazole-Pilocarpus,vinca,Nux vomica,Yohimbe,Calabar beans etc

5.       Group medical plant according to which part they are origin example from bark,leaf,fruit,root,flower,stem ect

6.       Give the definition of the following medicinal plant; Vinca, Nux vomica, Calabar beans, Opium, Squill, Strophanthus, Castor oil, Eucalyptus oil

7.       Mention each four species that yield; Cinchona and Aloe

8.       Choose at least four medicinal from each group and write their constituents