pre cat ansewer

1.      Which of the following medicinal plant its generic name may indicate certain characters of the plant ?

a.       Cinchona Ledgeriana

b.      Artemisia cina Berg

c.       Myristica fragrans

d.      Glycyrrhiza

e.       Atropa belladonna 

 

2.        Candle wax coloured yellow and being offered as Beeswax is an example of which method and effects of adulteration?

a.      Admixture

b.      Substitution

c.       Sophistication with inferior varieties

d.      Addition of worthless heavy materials

e.      Deterioration

3.      Dry fruits which splits along inner suture only  is…...

a.       Cassia angustifolia 

b.      Seed coat as in maize

c.       Strophanthus

d.      Cashew nut

e.      Rice

 

4.       Leaves which have wavy margin is called…………………

a.       Dentate

b.      Serrate

c.       Entire  

d.      Crenate

e.      Repand

 

5.      Root hairs is found in which zones of the root?

a)      Zone of differentiation

b)      Zone of elongation

c)      Zone of maturation

d)      Zone of thickness

e)      Zone of division

6.      A flower pollinated by birds have the following features…

a)      May have pollens which floats on water

b)      Have white flowers with strong fruity smell and open at night

c)      Are log tube shaped, have bright red or yellow colours, and with no fragrance 

d)      Have bright colours, sweet fragrance and produce nectar

e)      have large stigmas, no or little fragrance, and non- sticky pollens

 

7.       Which of the following plant shows mutual dependant organisms (beneficial) symbiosis?

a.      Digitalis

b.      Ocimum basilicum

c.       Belladonna and mustard

d.      Urtica dioica

e.      Nicotiana

8.      A structure that arises from the testa near the hilum is called ……..

a.      Elaiosome

b.       Caruncle

c.        Embryo

d.       Tegmen

e.       Micropyle

 

9.      A structure of young bark which may be composed of parenchyma or fibres, groups of fibres often occur opposite each group of phloem is ………..

a.       Endodermis

b.        Primary cortex

c.       Epidermis

d.      Phloem

e.      Pericycle

 

 

10.  Which of the following statement(s) regarding Cambium is correct...

a.      It is composed of parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces

b.      It consists of pericycle, vascular bundles and pith

c.       The innermost layer of the cortex is the endodermis

d.      lies below the epidermis

e.        Consists of brick shaped and thin walled meristematic cells

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION B: MULTIPLE TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS                                    (10 MARKS)

INSTRUCTIONS:

·            This section consists of Four (4) questions with five (5) options each

·            Write the word “TRUE” and NOT letter ‘T’ for a correct statement and the word “FALSE” NOT letter ‘F’ for incorrect statement in the space provided before each option

·            All responses should be in CAPITAL letters

·            Half (½) a mark will be awarded for each correct response

·            Responses with letters “T” and “F” will not be awarded any mark

·            There will be a penalty of half (½) of allocated marks for responses with small letters.

 

 

 

1.       Characteristics features of Ground or Fundamental Tissue System

A.      FALSE In monocot stem, ground tissue system is a continuous mass of sclerenchymatous tissue in which vascular bundles are found scattered

B.      FALSE These cells are arranged in a single layer with intercellular spaces

C.      TRUE Form the main body of the plants (bulk of plant)

D.      TRUE Includes all the tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles

E.       TRUE In the leaves, ground tissue is made of chlorenchyma tissues forming the mesophyll

 

2.       Sieve elements……….

A.      TRUE  Their end walls are transverse or oblique 

B.      FALSE Have cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus

C.      FALSE are imperforate cells with bordered pits on end walls arranged one above the other

D.      FALSE   Arranged parallel to the long axis of the plant body

E.       TRUE In matured sieve tube, nucleus is absent

3.       Regarding characteristics of Meristematic Tissues

A. FALSE Is the precursor of all the other tissues

B. FALSE Form the ground tissue in a plant

C. TRUE  Have dense cytoplasm with large nuclei

D. TRUE Their cell walls are thin, elastic and made up of cellulose

E. TRUE Have smaller vacuoles, scattered throughout the cytoplasm

4.       Which of the following statements is/are correct concerning of Dicot Cortex

 

A. FALSE  It lies above the epidermis

B. TRUE the third zone made of barrel shaped cells arranged compactly without intercellular spaces

C. FALSE The second zone rich in starch

D. FALSE First zone consists of a single layer of parenchymatous rectangular cells

E. TRUE Some resin ducts occur in second zone

 

SECTION C: MATCHING ITEMS QUESTIONS                                    (10MARKS)

INSTRUCTIONS:

·         This section consists of two (2) questions matching with five (5) options each.

·         USE CAPITAL LETTERS

·         Each correct response is awarded one (1) mark.

·         Each item from column B is used only once

2.      PART ONE: Match descriptions in column B with responses in column A by writing the letter of the correct response in the space provided on each option.

COLUM A	ANSWERS	COLUM B
1. Hypanthium	D	A.      If sepals are separate B.      If stamens are fused C.      If stamens are separate D.     If  receptacle elongated below the calyx E.      If petals are fused F.       If receptacle  below the ovary G.      If sepals are fused
2. Gynophore	F
3. Polysepalous	A
4. Gamosepalous	G
5. Diadelphous	C

 

PART TWO: Match the sign of damages in column B with examples in column A by writing the letter of the correct answer in the space provided

 

COLUM A	ANSWERS	COLUM B
1........ By runners	C	A.      For the propagation of Cascara B.     specific to ergot C.     Chamomile D.    Jalap E.     Squill F.      Liquorice G.    largely used for citrus species
2.........   By stolons	F
3.........   By the development of bulbs	E
4.........  By budding	G
5 .........    By inoculation	B

SECTION D: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS                                                   (40 MARKS)

INSTRUCTIONS:

·         This section consists of eight (8) questions.

·         Write your answers in the space provided on each question

·         Write a readable handwrite; DIRTY WORK IS NOT ALLOWED.

 

1.       With at least five points give shortly description of dicot stem epidermis  5 amrks

a.       It consists of a single layer of parenchymatous rectangular cells

b.       Epidermal cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces

c.       Epidermis is covered on the outside by cuticle made up of waxy substance

d.       The cuticle checks/controls transpiration

e.       Stomata may be present at irregular intervals

f.        A large number of multicellular hairs occur on the epidermis

 

 

2.       Mention six types of surface of the leaf     6 marks

Farinose, glabrouse, verucose, viscid, pubescent, hirsute, glandular

3.        List four forms in which a seed may be produced    4marks

orthotropous ovules, campylotropous or anatropous ovules, hemitropous, amphitropous and circinotropous

 

4.        List two examples of natural occurring hybrids 2marks

Mentha piperita and M. spicata

5.       A. What do you understand by vegetative propagation by Division?

 By division, a term usually applied to the separation of a plant which has a number of aerial stems or buds, into separate parts each having roots and a growing point

B. List four plants that used by Division method of propagation

althaea, rhubarb, gentian and male fern

6.       Flowers are grouped according to the placement of floral parts on the receptacle into: Outline three types 6 marks

a.       Hypogynous flowers

Sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to a convex or conical receptacle at the base of the ovary

The ovary is called superior and the perianth is inferior or hypogynous

b.      Perigynous flowers

Sepals, petals, and sometimes stamens borne on the edge or margin of the receptacle and appear to form a cup around the pistil

c.       Epigynous flowers

Sepals, petals, and stamens appear to arise from the top of the ovary

The ovary is inferior and the perianth is superior or epigynous

 

 

7.        Mention five important of processing of crude drugs 5marks

1.       Improve the purity of the plant part being employed

2.       Prevent damage from mould, other microorganisms and insects

3.       Reducing drying time

4.       Detoxify indigenous toxic ingredients

5.       Enhance therapeutic efficacy

 

8.        With two examples, describe Decoction method of extraction 6 marks

Decoction

a.       Decoction: In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is then cooled and strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble, heat stable constituents. e.g. Tea , Coffee

 

 SECTION E: GUIDED ESSAY QUESTIONS                                                   (20 MARKS)

INSTRUCTIONS:

·         This section consists of Two (2) questions which are supposed to be answered in a narrative way

·         Write your answer on the empty pages of this question paper; each question should start on a new page.

·         There will be a penalty of three (3) marks if questions are not answered in essay form

 

 

1.      Explain main THREE Pharmacognostic importance of including five types of stomata based on subsidiary cells  ;

Leaves offer diagnostic characteristics which serve in quality control of leaf drugs

a.      Shape, size and wall structure of the epidermal cells 2marks

                                                              i.      Straight –walled epidermal cells are found in medicinal plants such as coca and Senna leaves

                                                             ii.      Wavy-walled epidermal cells are in found in Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna.

b.      Form, distribution and relation to epidermal cells of the stomata 10marks

                                                              i.      Stomata are classified on the basis of subsidiary cells into;

1.      Anomocytic Stomata

a.      When cells surrounding the stomata resemble other epidermal cells

2.      Anisocytic stomata

a.      Stoma is surrounded by three or four subsidiary cells one of which is markedly smaller than others

3.      Paracytic stomata

a.      Two subsidiary cells with their long axes parallel to the pore

4.      Diacytic stomata

a.      Two subsidiary cells with their long axis at right angle to the pore of the stomata

b.      Variations among anisocytic, paracytic and diacytic types of stomata:

5.      Actinocytic type

a.      Subsidiary cells are arranged along the radii of a circle

c.       Form, distribution and abundance of epidermal trichomes 2marks

                                                              i.       Trichomes offer physical and chemical protection from microbes, aphids and insects.

                                                             ii.      Types of trichomes are characteristic of a plant family or genus

                                                           iii.      Clothing trichomes –cover surface of the leaf

                                                           iv.      Glandular trichomes –may be unicellular or multicellular (they store ergastic/drug substances)

1.      Multicellular trichomes may be;

a.      Uniseriate, biseriate, multiseriate or complicated branched structures

 

 

2.      Explain storage of crude drugs with at least six points and give nine (9) factors to consider when harvesting / collecting drugs from medicinal plants

 

·         During storage, drugs are affected by physicochemical and biological factors

·         Physicochemical factors include light, moisture, temperature and air oxygen while biological factors include fungi, bacteria, worms, insects and mites

·         Long storage is not recommended, due to deterioration except in cascara bark. Active constituents decrease massively

·         Drugs should be stored in sealed containers in cool dark places

·         Generally, the permissible moisture content is 8% or below.

·         Air dried drugs are always liable and are easily attacked by insects and other pests, so they should be frequently examined during storage or may require sterilization by ethylene oxide or methyl chloride before storage

 

 

 

Nine technique

·         Underground organs are collected when aerial parts die down

·         Leaves are collected when flowers are beginning to open

·         Flowers are collected in dry weather and just before they fully expand e.g. cloves

·         Fruits and seeds are collected when fully mature but unripe

·         Barks are collected in damp weather

·         Unorganized drugs are collected in dry weather

·         Leaves, flowers and fruits should not be collected when covered with dew or rain

·         Discolored or parts attacked by insects should not be collected

·         Large organs should be sliced soon after collection to facilitate drying

·         Limits of unwanted parts in desired parts must be considered when collecting medicinal plants e.g. aerial stems in rhizomes