MONDAY TEST

 

1.       Mention seven Functions of the stem

a.       Stems support the leaves and other structures e.g. flowers, fruits 

b.       Stems are used for vegetative reproductive i.e. cuttings

c.       Stems position leaves to receive maximum sunlight

d.       Stems determine size and shape of the plant

e.       Facilitates movement of water, minerals, and manufactured food in the plant

f.        Some stems carry out photosynthesis

g.       Stores foods

2.       List five functions of leaf

a.       Provides for transpiration and guttation

b.       Photosynthesis

c.       Gaseous exchange

d.       Storage of food and water

e.       Protection

3.       Outline four functions of the roots

a.       Roots support (anchorage) the plant in the soil (or other media in which the plant is growing)

b.       Absorption of water and other nutrients from the soil

c.       Storage of food

d.       Transport minerals and water to other parts of the plant

4.       Outline five Advantages of Cultivated Medicinal Plants

a.       Only desired species are collected therefore uniform quality.

b.       Collection, transport and access to processing facilities is improved.

c.       Better control of soil quality, pests and plant disease.

d.       Supply: Constant and Regular (Controlled)

e.       Collectors are trained

5.       Mention four Disadvantages of Wild Plant Collection

§  Sparse distribution e.g. Sceletium tortuosum. Potentially difficult to transport plant to area of processing

§  Difficult access (e.g. forests, mountains etch)

§  Collector ignorance leads to  admixture of other plants, collection of undesired plant parts or stage of development or during an incorrect season à  loss of medicinal activity.

§  Damage to natural environment which leads to extinction of a species

6.       List five reasons for drying drugs obtained from medicinal plants

a.       To decrease size and weight i.e. to facilitate packing, transport and storage

b.       To facilitate powdering

c.       To prevent enzyme action

d.       To prevent microbial growth

e.       To prevent degradation of active constituents

7.       Outline seven Factors to consider when making a choice of a drying technique

§  Physical characteristics of the plant

§  Chemical characteristics of the plant

§  Changes occurring in herbs when drying

§  Changes due to enzyme action

§  Oxidation

§  Volatilisation

§  Browning

8.       Write four ways in which adulteration can occur

a.       Faulty collection of the drug

b.       Improper preparation of the drug

c.       Poor storage condition

d.       Deliberate practices

9.       Outline eight Characteristics of glycosides

a.       Glycosides are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents

                                                                                                   i.      The glycone part is water soluble but insoluble in the organic solvents

                                                                                                 ii.      The aglycone part is water insoluble but soluble in the organic solvents

                                                                                               iii.      Some glycosides are soluble in alcohol

b.       Glycosides are ccolorless (except flavonoid- yellow, anthraquinone-red or orange)

c.       They are solid, amorphous and nonvolatile

d.       They give a positive reaction with Molisch's and Fehling's solution test (after hydrolysis).

e.       Most glycosides have bitter taste

f.        They are oodorless except saponin (glycyrrhizin).

g.        Glycosides with lots of sugars have increased solubility in water

h.       Glycosides hydrolyzed by using mineral acids and temperature or by using enzymes

10.   Mention five Functions of alkaloids in the plant

a.       Protect against insects and herbivores due to their bitterness and toxicity

b.       Are final products of detoxification(waste products) in some cases.

c.       Source of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency

d.       Act as growth regulators in certain metabolic systems.

e.       They may be utilized as source of energy in case of deficiency in carbon dioxide assimilation

11.   Write how five  names of  the alkaloid end by "ine"  derived from

a.       Generic plant name – Atropine from Atropa belladonna

b.       Specific name of the plant – Cocaine from Erythroxylum coca

c.       Names of loved ones e.g. Cathelenine

d.       Common name of the plant – Ergotamine from ergot (rye)

e.       Physiological action of the plant – Emetine producing emesis

 

12.   Mention four Uses of Fixed Oils and Fats

a.       They are used in preparation of suppositories

b.       They are used in tablet coating

c.       They are employed as emulsifying agents

d.       They have therapeutic uses e.g. laxatives etc.

13.   Outline six general characteristics of Essential oils

a.       They evaporate under atmospheric pressure at room temperature

b.       They are soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents

c.       They are insoluble in water

d.       They have high refractive index

e.       They are optically active

f.        Most of them are colourless or pale yellow

g.       They are odoriferous

h.       They are sensitive to air (resinify on exposure to air)

i.         Most of them are terpenoid in nature

14.   Mention eight Therapeutic uses of volatile oils  

o   Topically as irritants

o   Used for improving circulation

o   Used for preparation of lotions and liniments

o   Used as carminative agents

o   Used as local anaesthetic

o   Used for respiratory problems e.g. cough, asthma

o   Some volatile oils have antibacterial and antifungal effects

o   Some volatile oils have anthelminthic activity                                               

15.   Outline six External structures of the stem

§  Internodes: distances separating one node from another

§  Nodes: Points at which leaves are attached

§  Lenticels: Breathing pores

§  Buds: Growth of shoot

§  Terminal or apical but, at tip of plant

§  Axillary bud in nodes on stem

§  Bud scale scars: Indicate where terminal bud has been located previous year

§  Leaf scars:

§  Show where leaf was attached

16.   Outline three type of fruits based on the number of ovaries, number of flowers and other structures forming the fruit

a.       Simple fruits

                                                                                                   i.      Fruits formed from one ovary in one flower

b.       Aggregate fruits

                                                                                                   i.      Fruits formed from more than one ovary of one flower

c.       Multiple fruits

                                                                                                   i.      Fruits formed from an inflorescence and include accessory structures

17.   Enumerate five types of dry capsules fruit

a.       Valvate Capsule –the tip split open

b.       Porose capsule –form pores to release seeds

c.       Loculicidal capsules –splits along locules

d.       Circumscissile capsules –split through the centre of the fruit

e.       Septicidal capsule –split along the septa

 

18.   Mention five types surface of the leaf

a.       Farinose –cover with meal- like powder or minute particle

b.       Viscid(viscous) -Covered with sticky or resinous secretion

c.       Verrucose -the leaf surface has irregular lumps resembling warts

d.       Hirsute -with long distinct hairs or with glandular hairs

e.       Hispid -with rough hairs

f.        Pubescent –hairy

g.       glabrous -free from hairs

h.       punctate -dotted with oil gland

 

19.   List five factors affecting extraction of crude drug

a.       Nature of drug

b.       Solvent

c.       Temperature

d.       pH

e.       Particle size

20.   Explain classification of the flower

a.       Based on presence of male, or female or both reproductive structures

                                                                                                   i.      Perfect/Bisexual/Hermaphrodite Flower

1.       These flowers bear both male and female reproductive structures

                                                                                                 ii.      Imperfect/Unisexual Flower

1.       Bears male or female reproductive structures

2.       Staminate flower (male flower)

3.       Pistillate/carpellate flower (female flower)

b.       Based on presence or absence of any structure

                                                                                                   i.      Complete Flower-Flowers bear sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens

                                                                                                 ii.      Incomplete Flowers-Sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen is missing

c.       Based on the number of flowers

                                                                                                   i.      Simple flowers

1.       One flower on an axis (receptacle)

                                                                                                 ii.      Compound flowers or Inflorescence

1.       Have more than one flower on the receptacle or axis

2.       The axis forms the rachis and florets are attached on pedicels

                                                                                               iii.      Inflorescence are subsequently classified based on pattern of arrangement into;

1.       Single inflorescence –same pattern of arrangement of florets

2.       Compound inflorescence –complex pattern

d.       Based on flora variations

                                                                                                   i.      Flowers are grouped according to the placement of floral parts on the receptacle into;

1.       Hypogynous flowers

a.       Sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to a convex or conical receptacle at the base of the ovary

b.       The ovary is called superior and the perianth is inferior or hypogynous

2.       Perigynous flowers

a.       Sepals, petals, and sometimes stamens borne on the edge or margin of the receptacle and appear to form a cup around the pistil

3.       Epigynous flowers

a.       Sepals, petals, and stamens appear to arise from the top of the ovary

b.       The ovary is inferior and the perianth is superior or epigynous

e.       Based on floral symmetry

                                                                                                   i.      Regular or Actinomorphic flowers

1.       Flowers divisible into symmetrical halves by more than one longitudinal plane through the axis

                                                                                                 ii.      Irregular or Zygomorphic flowers

1.       Flowers divisible only by a single plane into two mirror-image halves

                                                                                               iii.      Asymmetrical flowers

1.       Flowers indivisible into identical or mirror-image halves on any plane